![]() ![]() In a cohort study of Finnish males with a history of stealing until 25 years of age, psychiatric diagnoses were investigated. However, this study compared those with a history of stealing and aggressive behaviors, but not the patients without a history of stealing. In a case–control study of child and adolescent psychiatry outpatients, Heath and Kosky reported that patients with a history of stealing exhibited symptoms of depression or anxiety. Poor grades, alcohol and drug use, regular smoking, sadness, hopelessness, and other antisocial behaviors was associated with stealing. Among high school students, 15.2% reported a history of stealing. Urges to steal in university students was associated with bipolar disorder and multiple impulse control disorders. Some research has focused on the relationship between stealing and psychiatric disorders in young people. With regard to sex differences, women were likely to be diagnosed with mood disorders and antisocial personality disorders, whereas men were likely to be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. Stealing was strongly associated with impulse-control, substance-related and addictive disorders. Associations between stealing and psychiatric disorders was reported in adults. The frequency of stealing increased from 12 to 18 years old and adult shoplifters were classified into several types according to the reason and purpose for stealing. Stealing in children and adolescents is not attributed to kleptomania. ![]() However, the prevalence of kleptomania in the general population is rare, at approximately 0.3% to 0.6% and the average age of onset for kleptomania has been reported to be 18.75 years. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), kleptomania is defined as a pathologic stealing disease. ![]() Of those arrested, shoplifting accounts for 36.8% of thefts. In Japan, theft accounts for approximately 60% of arrests and a similarly high proportion of juvenile delinquencies due to penal code offenses in 2016. Adolescent antisocial behavior widely affects society in a penetrating manner, which involves victimization and distress to individuals, impairment of life opportunities, and staggering costs to society. Juvenile delinquency is an important public health concern that jeopardizes not only the safety of the juvenile but also the well-being of society as a whole. ![]()
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